城市的经济活力带来了很多好处，但是也加剧了不平等，因为增长带来的收益和好处集中在 社会和政治诉求最强烈的人们的手中。性别、种族和宗教信仰、身体素质、年轻和年老、外 来人员和就业状况（对非正规工人而言）都明确决定了个体和群体享有城市化带来的全部好 处的资格；个体和群体常常不能享有这些好处。城市中的不公结果因并非人人都能获得机遇 而加剧。在复杂的城市体系中，这种结果和机遇紧密相连，相互作用，彼此增强。 世界各地城市的不平等现象往往高于所在国家的水平。同一国家的城市收入和消费也存在巨 大差异，国民总值很难反映出所有的城市收入和消费状况。研究表明，如果单从具体的群体 来看，几乎不存在收入不公和歧视现象。收入不公与社会、法律、空间、文化、政治和环境 领域内其他形式的不公交织在一起，加剧了贫困，使不平等现象进一步恶化。 经济不平等与性别不平等和空间不均衡密切相关，导致排斥贫民区居民、外来务工人员、儿 童、年轻人、老年人、残疾人、原住民和少数民族等弱势群体，甚至常常对这些群体定罪。 这些群体中的妇女处于更加不利的境地，因为她们还面临着性别歧视问题。 在各国境内和跨国界从农村向城市迁徙的外来务工人员很难充分享有他们所创造的财富和机 会。很多迁徙到城市的务工人员从事不稳定、不能公平获得薪酬或报酬过低的工作，这些工 作中往往存在其他形式的虐待和权利剥夺现象。很多外来人员别无选择只好居住在贫民区， 承担着污染、犯罪和环境威胁风险，获得清洁水、卫生、医疗保健和教育等基本服务的机会 非常有限。他们的贫困状况往往因为非正规或‘不合法’身份而加剧，导致相关政府规划和 政策对他们视而不见。例如，由于缺乏居留身份或出生证明、童工现象造成的高辍学率、对暴力和骚扰的高度恐惧，贫民区居民常常面临入学困难。因而，他们通常会选择收费较高、 教学质量不佳的私立学校。生活在贫困线以下的妇女，特别是居住在贫民区的妇女，倾向于从事非正规部门中低工资、 低技能、通常在家工作的工作和非核心工作。贫民区增加也不成比例地影响着妇女，不仅 因为妇女普遍比男性贫困（世界上 10 亿最贫困人口中，妇女和女孩 3 占 3/5），还因为她们 往往缺乏机遇，在根据需求获得资源和服务的方面面临着更大的困难。这些不平等现象的影 响在健康方面尤为明显，进一步受到健康社会决定因素的影响。城市贫困人口和贫民区居 民获得健康服务时面临的障碍以及面临的过度拥挤、费用较高、质量差的交通状况这一重大 挑战使这一问题更加严重。种族主义和歧视现象抬头是城市面临的一个重大挑战。存在各种各样针对个体和群体的种族 主义、歧视、仇外和不容忍，侵犯基本人权，加剧了排斥和剥削，甚至引起了仇恨。因此， 危及这些群体充分享有权利，包括享有民主参与和参与社会经济活动的权利。所以，作为主 要参与者，城市依赖自己的自治权和资源在反对种族主义中扮演越来越重要的角色，在这一 方面起着至关重要的作用。通过国际反对种族主义城市联盟等倡议采取的集体行动迈出了反 对种族主义、得到公认的积极一步。

The economic dynamism of cities brings many benefits, but it also increases inequality, as the gains and benefits of growth are concentrated in the hands of those with the strongest social and political aspirations. Gender, race and religion, physical fitness, young and old, migrants and employment status (for informal workers) all clearly determine the eligibility of individuals and groups to enjoy all the benefits of urbanization; These benefits are often denied to individuals and groups. Inequality in cities is exacerbated by the fact that not everyone has access to opportunity. In complex urban systems, such outcomes and opportunities are closely linked, interacting and reinforcing each other. Inequality in cities around the world is often higher than in the countries in which they live. There are also huge differences in urban income and consumption within the same country, and GNP hardly reflects all urban income and consumption. Studies have shown that income inequality and discrimination are virtually nonexistent if you look at specific groups. Income inequality is intertwined with other forms of inequality in the social, legal, spatial, cultural, political, and environmental spheres, exacerbating poverty and exacerbating inequality. Economic inequality is closely linked to gender inequality and spatial inequality, resulting in the exclusion and often criminalization of vulnerable groups such as slum dwellers, migrant workers, children, young people, the elderly, people with disabilities, indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities. Women in these groups are at a greater disadvantage because they also face gender discrimination. Migrant workers who migrate from rural to urban areas within and across national borders struggle to fully enjoy the wealth and opportunities they create. Many migrant workers who migrate to cities work in precarious, inequitable or underpaid jobs that often involve other forms of abuse and deprivation. Many migrants have no choice but to live in slums, exposed to pollution, crime and environmental threats, and with limited access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation, health care and education. Their poverty is often exacerbated by their informal or 'illegal' status, which leads to them being ignored by government programs and policies. For example, slum dwellers often face difficulties in attending school due to lack of residency status or birth certificates, high dropout rates due to child Labour, and high fears of violence and harassment. As a result, they often choose private schools with higher fees and poor quality. Women living below the poverty line, especially those living in slums, tend to work in low-wage, low-skilled, often home-based and non-core jobs in the informal sector. The increase in slums also disproportionately affects women, not only because women are generally poorer than men (women and girls account for three-fifths of the world's one billion poorest people), but also because they often lack opportunities and face greater difficulties in accessing resources and services based on need. The effects of these inequalities are particularly pronounced in health, which is further influenced by social determinants of health. This problem is compounded by barriers to access to health services for the urban poor and those living in slums, as well as the major challenges of overcrowding, high costs and poor quality transport. The rise of racism and discrimination is a major challenge for cities. There are various forms of racism, discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance directed at individuals and groups, which violate fundamental human rights, exacerbate exclusion and exploitation and even give rise to hatred. As a result, the full enjoyment by these groups of their rights, including the right to democratic participation and participation in socio-economic activities, is jeopardized. Therefore, as a major player, cities, relying on their autonomy and resources, play an increasingly important role in the fight against racism and play a vital role in this regard. Collective action through initiatives such as the International Coalition of Cities against Racism is a positive and recognized step in the fight against racism.